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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Ruff and Honours ： ウィキペディア英語版 Ruff and Honours Ruff and Honours was an English trick-taking game that was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries; it was superseded in the 18th century by Whist.〔 ==History== Ruff and Honours is covered in Cotton's ''The Compleat Gamester'' 1674 where it is described as being commonly known in all parts of England.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://jducoeur.com/game-hist/game-recon-ruff-and-honours.html )〕 At the time Randle Cotgrave thought the name was just a synonym for Trump. The game was also known as Slamm, a less popular form was called Whist, and it was closely related to Ruffe and Trump 〔 described by Francis Willughby.〔Francis Willughby's Book of Games by Francis Willughby, David Cram, Jeffrey L. Forgeng, Dorothy Johnston〕 Francis Willughby speculated that Trump was an earlier simple trick-taking game without the ruff and honours. ''The Complete Hoyle Revised'' points out that references in literature and correspondence to games of Trump, (shortened form of Triumph), have been traced back to the 15th Century in England. Over 500 years there have been many names and variations in rules but all the games were trick-taking games for four players playing in pairs, using the standard English pack with the trump suit selected by an up-turned card.〔 Cavendish and others state that Ruff and Honours was a descendant of the French game ''Triomphe'' (M.Eng.'' Triumph, Trump'').〔Historical Notes on our National Card Game by Cavendish - London Society, 1866, V. IX. pg. 65〕 ''Triomphe'', known as French Trump in England, was a five-card game using a shortened deck, an up-turned trump card and played either in partnership or singlehandedly with 2-7 players. ''Triomphe'' is mentioned in Bernadine of Sienna's sermon "Ye Tryumphe" (1522). Ruff originally meant strongest suit, and games using this term go back to the mid 15th Century, judging by a reference to the game of Roufle (M.Fr. ''Roffle'', earlier ''Romfle'' (1414), from It. ''Ronfa'').〔Online Etymology Dictionary〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ruff and Honours」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.